Since the glomerular basement membrane is negatively charged, positively charged C‑BSA can easily pass through the basement membrane to act as planted antigens, inducing corresponding anti‑BSA antibodies in the circulation to accumulate here and form in situ immune complexes. The C‑BSA model is applicable to many animals, including rabbits, rats, mice, cats, etc. C‑BSA can not only induce membranous nephropathy (MN) in animals but also exert similar effects in humans. Undigested C‑BSA in food (especially milk) can enter the human body through the digestive tract to form planted antigens and combine with IgG1 and IgG4 to form in situ immune complexes, leading to the development of MN. The C‑BSA animal model is relatively inexpensive, simple to operate, and widely used. Its disadvantage is that long‑term tail vein injection is required, which causes relatively severe injury to animals. Because its pathogenesis shares many similarities with human MN, and stable MN models of stages Ⅰ to Ⅲ can be established, it has become one of the most commonly used animal models for studying human MN.

SD rats (male, weighing approximately 180 g)

Modeling method: After one pre-immunization, bovine serum albumin was injected once every other day for four consecutive weeks to establish a rat model of membranous nephropathy.

Evaluation indicators: urinary protein detection, HE staining, Masson staining

Urinary protein detection

HE staining of renal tissue

Masson staining of renal tissue