Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common chronic respiratory disease characterized by persistent respiratory airflow limitation. It results from the interaction between environmental factors (smoking, air pollution, respiratory tract infections, etc.) and individual susceptibility factors (genetics, airway hyperresponsiveness, etc.). The development and progression of COPD are caused by the interplay of environmental factors and host susceptibility. Environmental factors include smoking, air pollution, respiratory infections, occupational dust exposure, and socioeconomic status. Among these, smoking and infection are recognized as the most important environmental pathogenic factors of COPD.

SD rats (male or female, 6–8 weeks old)
Modeling method: A COPD model was established by intratracheal instillation of LPS combined with passive smoking in an exposure chamber.
Evaluation indicators: organ index, behavior test (weight-loaded swimming), chest X-ray, HE staining

Lung index and behavior test (weight-loaded swimming)

Chest X-ray

HE staining of lung tissue