Temperatures above 55 °C applied to animal body surface cause burns. Methods: 1) Combustion method: A certain amount of fuel is applied to the planned burn area of the animal, or gauze soaked with fuel is placed over the area, with surrounding tissues protected by refractory material or wet gauze. The flame is ignited for a fixed duration and then extinguished immediately. 2) Radiation method: A heat source is placed at a set distance from the animal. Asbestos or wet gauze surrounds the target area to protect adjacent skin and define the burn area. Infrared or light radiation induces injury; burn models of varying depths are established by adjusting exposure time. 3) Spot thermal scald method: The animal’s back is fixed under a scald plate. A spot scald device is placed onto the target area under its own weight to induce scalding. 4) Direct hot water scald method: A constant-temperature water bath controls injury temperature. The target scald area is directly immersed in thermostatted hot water to induce injury. 5) Hot steam scald method: Mostly used to establish inhalation injury models. With specialized protective equipment, this method effectively controls scald area and depth by regulating exposure duration.

SD rats (male, 6–8 weeks old)
Modeling method: A copper block was heated in a 99 °C water bath and then applied to the rat’s back to induce scalding. A deep second‑degree scald model was successfully established 3 days later.
Evaluation indicators: HE staining, Masson staining

HE staining of skin tissue

Masson staining of skin tissue