After major renal resection, hemodynamic alterations occur in the remaining nephrons, triggering hyperfiltration and proteinuria in residual renal units. These progressive injuries eventually damage glomeruli and induce renal sclerosis, leading to chronic renal failure (CRF) characterized by widespread glomerulosclerosis. This model is predominantly featured by glomerular hypertrophy and sclerosis, which conforms to the hyperfiltration-mediated renal failure theory. It closely simulates clinical pathological manifestations, with prominent advantages including simple procedures, favorable stability, reliable reproducibility and extensive application prospects. Nevertheless, the model requires two-stage surgical operation, which may easily cause complications such as hemorrhage and even animal death. It also demands a long modeling cycle and presents challenges in surgical standardization. In addition to the 5/6 nephrectomy model, alternative CRF models can be established via 3/4, 4/5 and 7/8 renal resection. Different subtotal nephrectomy models vary significantly in the time course of renal function decline, changes in serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and urinary protein levels, as well as the severity of renal pathological lesions. This model is of practical value for the preclinical evaluation of CRF therapeutic agents with renoprotective effects such as reducing renal perfusion and hyperfiltration, inhibiting mesangial cell proliferation and exerting anti‑oxidative activity, as well as for determining the optimal intervention timing of antihypertensive drugs.

SD rats (male and female, 6–8 weeks old)
Modeling method: One-third of the upper and lower poles of the left kidney were resected in a wedge shape. One week later, the entire right kidney was removed to establish a rat renal failure model.
Evaluation indexes: Urinary protein and serum biochemical detection, renal tissue ELISA and biochemical detection, HE staining

Urinary protein and serum biochemical detection（CERA, UERA）

Renal tissue ELISA (TNF-α, IL-6) and biochemical detection (MDA)

Renal tissue HE staining