Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major component of endotoxin in Gram-negative bacteria. It acts as one of the crucial pathogenic factors when Gram-negative bacteria trigger host immune responses and subsequent tissue damage. After entering the body, LPS induces sepsis, which further causes acute kidney injury and systemic multiple organ failure, representing a common lethal cause of sepsis. During Gram-negative bacterial infection, a variety of inflammatory factors are released, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Excessive secretion or enhanced activity of these cytokines contributes to renal damage and renal dysfunction, eventually leading to acute kidney injury (AKI) through a cascade of pathophysiological reactions. LPS can directly induce renal injury and indirectly damage renal cells, ultimately resulting in renal cell necrosis, and thus plays a vital role in the progression of AKI.

C57BL/6 mice (male, 6–8 weeks old)
Modeling method: Acute kidney injury model was established by intraperitoneal injection of LPS.
Evaluation indexes: HE staining, TUNEL staining