Aortic stenosis obstructs the left ventricular outflow tract and increases left ventricular afterload. Cardiac compensatory mechanisms subsequently trigger myocardial hypertrophy, and some animals eventually progress to heart failure. Meanwhile, pulmonary arterial stenosis impedes right ventricular ejection and elevates right ventricular pressure load. When systemic venous return fails to adequately enter the pulmonary circulation, right heart failure develops, accompanied by visceral congestion, generalized edema and other manifestations, thereby successfully establishing a chronic heart failure model.

C57 mice (male, 6–8 weeks old)
Modeling method: The heart failure model was established by ligation and constriction of the aortic arch for 8 weeks.
Evaluation indexes: EF, FS and echocardiography

EF and FS

echocardiography