Animal models of cardiopulmonary bypass have been extensively studied. In previous studies, large animals such as dogs, pigs and sheep were commonly used, which are costly and difficult to manage. At present, many researchers have made progress by establishing relevant models in rats with reference to conventional protocols, and multiple modified methods with distinct characteristics have been developed. Arterial perfusion can be performed via the caudal artery, femoral artery, carotid artery and other accesses. The closed-chest approach causes minimal trauma to experimental animals and facilitates long-term survival after surgery. Moreover, endotracheal intubation instead of tracheotomy is adopted to reduce the incidence of postoperative complications.

SD rats (male, body weight: 300–400 g)
Modeling method: The cardiopulmonary bypass model was established via the external jugular vein and carotid artery.
Evaluation index: HE staining