3,3\'-Iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) is a central neurotoxin. Its pathogenic mechanism is primarily attributed to damage to the extrapyramidal dopaminergic system, exerting a sustained inhibitory effect on dopamine (DA) synthesis and release. The persistent reduction of DA content leads to the hypersensitivity of dopamine receptors (DARs) during animal development, ultimately resulting in tic-like behaviors. The IDPN-induced animal model presents typical degenerative neuropathological changes. This modeling method features simple operation, convenient animal availability with low cost, high replication efficiency and irreversible lesions. Relevant studies have confirmed that the model can remain stable for up to 3 months without additional intervention. Hence, it is widely adopted in numerous pharmacological and pathological experimental studies.

Male SD rats, 6–8 weeks old
Modeling method: After weighing, rats in the model group were intraperitoneally injected with 3,3\'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) for 7 consecutive days. The Tourette syndrome model was successfully established 24 hours after the last injection.
Evaluation indexes: body weight change measurement, ELISA detection, HE staining, Nissl staining

Body weight measurement

ELISA detection

HE staining (hippocampus, striatum)

Nissl staining (hippocampus, striatum)