Bile reflux mimicking is a well‑recognized classic model of acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis is mainly induced by the injection of two bile acid components: glycodeoxycholic acid and sodium taurocholate. Characteristically, the severe pancreatitis model established by this method is stable and closely mimics the clinical manifestations of acute necrotizing pancreatitis. The severity of the model depends on perfusate composition, concentration, perfusion pressure, infusion volume and duration. Nevertheless, this modeling method has several limitations, including high animal mortality, short survival time, difficulty in in‑vivo tissue observation, time‑consuming operation, high risk of gallbladder atrophy, and poor suitability for evaluating therapeutic effects of drugs.

SD rats (male, 180–220 g)
Modeling method: Retrograde cannulation of the pancreaticobiliary duct, clamping of the common bile duct, and injection of sodium taurocholate solution. In the sham operation group, pancreaticobiliary duct puncture was performed without drug injection. The acute pancreatitis model was successfully established 12 hours later.
Evaluation indexes: gross observation, HE staining, ELISA detection

Gross observation of pancreas

Pancreatic tissue HE staining

ELISA assay