Increased blood volume in the spermatic vein serves as the theoretical basis for establishing an animal model of varicocele (VC). All methods for VC model construction are developed based on the pathological mechanism of varicocele, namely inducing obstruction of spermatic venous reflux, which leads to local venous dilation, tortuosity and elongation, and further results in a series of pathological changes in the testis and epididymis. During model preparation, it is necessary to pay attention to the anatomical similarity of the spermatic vein between experimental animals and humans.

SD rats (gender unlimited, body weight about 240–260 g)
Modeling method: The left renal vein was semi-ligated, and the communicating branches between the left spermatic vein and left common iliac vein were sutured and ligated. The varicocele model was successfully established after 8 weeks.
Evaluation indexes: vascular diameter measurement, Papanicolaou staining

Vascular diameter measurement

Papanicolaou staining