Isoproterenol (ISO) is a non‑selective long‑acting β‑adrenergic receptor agonist. It stimulates cardiomyocytes to secrete multiple paracrine factors such as growth factors and cytokines via the β1‑AR‑ROS signaling pathway, thereby triggering inflammatory responses and activating cardiac fibroblasts. Activated cardiac fibroblasts exhibit enhanced collagen synthesis, excessive proliferation, and differentiation into myofibroblasts, which ultimately result in myocardial fibrosis and pathological cardiac remodeling.

BALB/c mice (male, 18–20 g)
Modeling method: Subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol hydrochloride was performed for 7 consecutive days to successfully establish the myocardial fibrosis model.
Evaluation index: Masson staining

Myocardial tissue Masson staining